References

Leading Literature Review on Online Activism:

• Greijdanus, Hedy, et al. "The Psychology of Online Activism and Social Movements: Relations between Online and Offline Collective Action." Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 35, 2020, pp. 49–54., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.003.

Slacktivism:

• Ozkula, Suay Melisa. "What Is Digital Activism Anyway?" Journal of Digital Social Research, vol. 3, no. 3, 2021, pp. 60–84., https://doi.org/10.33621/jdsr.v3i3.44. 

• Halupka, Max. "The Legitimisation of Clicktivism." Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 53, no. 1, 2017, pp. 130–141., https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2017.1416586.

• Manduley, Aida E, et al. "The Role of Social Media in Sex Education: Dispatches from Queer, Trans, and Racialized Communities." Feminism & Psychology, vol. 28, no. 1, 2018, pp. 152–170., https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353517717751.

• "Slacktivism: Social Media's Effect on Activism." TEDx Talks, Nov. 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhPIgES_hws.

• Neumayer, C., & Schoßböck, J. (2011). Political lurkers? Young people in Austria and their political life worlds online. In P. Peter, M. J. Kripp, & E. Noealla (Eds.), CeDEM11 Proceedings of the International Conference for E-Democracy and Open Government (pp. 131-143). Edition Donau-Universität Krems. https://pure.itu.dk/en/publications/political-lurkers-young-people-in-austria-and-their-political-lif

Spiral of Silence:

• Petersen, Thomas. "Spiral of Silence." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/spiral-of-silence. 

• Matthes, Jörg, et al. "The 'Spiral of Silence' Revisited: A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Perceptions of Opinion Support and Political Opinion Expression." Communication Research, vol. 45, no. 1, 2017, pp. 3–33., https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217745429.

• Hampton, Keith, et al. "Social Media and the 'Spiral of Silence'." Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, Pew Research Center, 17 Aug. 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/08/26/social-media-and-the-spiral-of-silence/.

• Loury, Glenn. "Glenn Loury: The Spiral of Silence in Social Justice." YouTube, Foundation Against Intolerance and Racism, 14 Dec. 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj5NAZLm2t0. 

Echo Chambers:

• Echterhoff, Gerald, and E Tory Higgins. "Shared Reality: Construct and Mechanisms." Current Opinion in Psychology, vol. 23, 2018, pp. iv-vii., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.09.003.

• Cinelli, Matteo, et al. "The Echo Chamber Effect on Social Media." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 118, no. 9, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118. 

• "What Is an Echo Chamber?" YouTube, GCFLearnFree, 18 June 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Se20RoB331w. 

Digital Dualism:

• Chen, Liang, et al. "Adult Attachment and Self-Disclosure on Social Networking Site: A Content Analysis of Sina Weibo." Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 138, 2019, pp. 96–105., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.028. 
• Jensen, Michael, and Patrick James, Gary LaFree, Aaron Safer-Lichtenstein, Elizabeth Yates. 2018. "The Use of Social Media by United States Extremists." START, College Park, Maryland. www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_PIRUS_UseOfSocialMediaByUSExtremists_ResearchBrief_July2018.pdf
  

• Voggeser, Birgit J., et al. "Self-Control in Online Discussions: Disinhibited Online Behavior as a Failure to Recognize Social Cues." Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 8, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02372. 

• Luo, Ke. "Exploring the Corresponding Words among the Subgroupings, Revising Swadesh List, Compared with Chinese." International Journal of Language and Linguistics, vol. 7, no. 3, 2019, p. 110., https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijll.20190703.13. 

• Jurgenson, Nathan. "Digital Dualism versus Augmented Reality." Digital Dualism versus Augmented Reality, 2011, https://mxepstein.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Digital-Dualism-versus-Augmented-Reality.pdf. 

Additional Resources:

• Philbrick, Ian, and David Leonhardt. "How to Participate in Politics." Nytimes, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/guides/year-of-living-better/how-to-participate-in-government. 

• Schroeder, Juliana, et al. "The Humanizing Voice: Speech Reveals, and Text Conceals, a More Thoughtful Mind in the Midst of Disagreement." Psychological Science, vol. 28, no. 12, 2017, pp. 1745–1762., https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617713798. 

• Webtools: Participate!